Kantian Ethics and Christian Ethics - 1400 Words

Kantian Ethics and Christian Ethics Immanuel Kant the founder of the Categorical Imperative (CI) argues that morality is based on standards of rationality. Therefore, to act in disaccord with the CI is to act irrationally or immorally. In comparison to Christianity, to act immorally is to act in disagreement with Gods laws. Kants CI is formulated into three different ways, which include: The Universal Law Formulation, The Humanity or End in Itself Formulation, and The Kingdom of Ends Formulation (Stanford) . The first to formulas combine to create the final formulation. Christianity closely relates to each formula, except for the final formulation. Christianity provides context where following the CI will not result in moral†¦show more content†¦In the scenario Lying to the Murderer at the Door the murderer was to ask Kant where is his victim. Based on his CI he cannot lie in any circumstance, thus making him tell the murderer where his victim is, furthermore making Kant p artly responsible for the victims death. Benjamin Constant attacked Kant immediately by saying The moral principle, it is a duty to tell the truth, would make any society impossible if it were taken singly and unconditionally. Kant responded with his own document called On a Supposed right to Lie From Altruistic Motives where he stated To tell the truth is thus a duty: but is a duty only in respect to one who has a right to the truth. This argument completely destroys his CI. Kants philosophy is priori which means that through reason all laws can be used in any situation. One who has the right to truth cannot be determined before understanding the persons intentions. You cannot automatically know not to lie in every situation, because you must interpret the situation. 2 Corinthians 5:10 tells us For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ, so that each one may receive what is due for what he has done in the body, whether good or evil. God is the one to decide if we a re to lie or not, thus Kant is lacking faith and judgment in his first Formulation. The next formulation is The Humanity or End Itself Formulation which states, So act as to treat humanity, both in your own person, and in the person of everyShow MoreRelatedExplore the Resemblances and Differences Between Kantian and Christian Ethics.3118 Words   |  13 PagesImmanuel (1724–1804)- Through ancient times and evolution of history ethics has always been viewed as a center of societies of mankind, embracing practical nature links it with many other areas of study, including anthropology, biology, economics, history, politics, sociology, and theology with the teaching of Western philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, or Asia with the view of Confucius, Lao-tzu or Meng Tzu etc. Yet, â€Å"ethics remains distinct from such disciplines because it is not a matter of factualRead MoreThe Case Of Evan Motts Assisting His Wife s Euthanasia Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesI am going to discuss in this essay the case of Evan Motts assisting his wife s euthanasia. I will cover the ethical issues regarding this topic including whether or not Evan should be punished. I will look at the theories of Kantian Ethics and Utilitarianism to justify whether or not Evan s actions were morally right. An Auckland man is facing a charge that carries a maximum penalty of 14 years after assisting his terminally ill wife to commit suicide. Evan Mott researched suicide methods andRead MorePlato And Aristotle s Theories Of Utilitarianism And Kantian Ethics1408 Words   |  6 PagesThe ancient theories of Plato and Aristotle differ greatly from the contemporary theories of Utilitarianism and Kantian ethics. Plato and Aristotle focused on the importance of virtue in an individual’s life. Plato believed that purity of the soul was the most important thing in life and can be achieved by mastering the four virtues: justice, wisdom, courage, and moderation. Aristotle believed that the goal of human life was to achieve happiness, which is made possible by the cultivation of a justRead MoreThe Principles Of Business Ethics1283 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness ethics administers the conduct that relate to what is right and what is not. They refer to moral standards that guide the way a bu siness conducts its activities (Casestudies, 2015). The same rule that determines a person’s activities also applies to business. Acting in a moral way includes recognizing right and wrong actions and after that making the morally right decision. People often view ethics as a set of principles that they should all follow and in the business environment, the principleRead MoreThe Theories Of Devine Command Theory, Kantian Ethics, And Cultural Relativism894 Words   |  4 Pagesconcepts allowed me to establish an effective decision making ladder. The concepts of Devine Command theory, Utilitarian Ethical theory, Kantian Ethics, and Cultural Relativism align with my personal values, character and belief system; which is the foundation of my professional and personal decision making process. Devine Command theory was established based on Christian values from the biblical perspective that we are created to live according to God’s commands. God created mankind in his image. InRead MoreHacking As A Common Act And Scandal Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pagesjustifiable because exposing the activity they describe is in the public interest. This perspective is based on utilitarianism. However, the hacking issue in this case can be perceived differently via using different ethic concepts and approaches which depend on the standards used in different ethic concepts. Based on this understanding, the consequence of the hacking behaviour cannot be simply and solely used as an indicator to conclude this behaviour as morally right. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism focusesRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Not Be Legal950 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment is still used in the United States, and there has been 152 people that has been released from death row since 1973. There has been many more people that were not released but executed and possibly innocent. Kantian ethics is the theory that says the moral actions are not determined by the consequences but by the right nature of the action. Capital punishment may be questionable with some cases of innocents, with that being said the use of capital punishment should only be usedRead MoreGenetic Engineering Is Ethically Justified824 Words   |  4 PagesOCR AS Level Ethics Genetic engineering Example of part (b) question (b) â€Å"Genetic engineering is ethically justified.† Discuss [10] Since the development of genetic engineering in the 1970s, scholars have questioned its ethical justification, claiming that it was playing God’ and was unnatural. Others claimed that humans have always altered their environment to benefit themselves. An example is that of genetically modified crops which some people believe can be justified for a numberRead MoreKant And Sir William David Ross Essay1011 Words   |  5 PagesDavid Ross agreed and disagreed about different aspects of ethical practice. Both philosophers had influential views on ethics with strong opinions and interpretations of what moral philosophy is. Part of C.S. Lewis’ Book touches on the notions raised by the philosophers. Positions of Kant and Ross Immanuel Kant was a Rule Nonconsequentialist Theorist who established Duty Ethics. His theory stemmed from the idea of moral absolutism, a theory which believes moral truths are absolute and we must adhereRead MoreThe Spiritual Persective to the Book of Proverbs is Faith, Hope, and Charity664 Words   |  3 Pagesfind your choice of pairing the Kantian deontological theory of moral ethics with the morals of Christianity to be quite logical. The reason I say this is that the moral dilemma that is presented to us in the case study is one of not only acts, but of agents. Acts are the basis for Kantianism, more precisely, which act reason tells us will rationally fulfill our moral duty. The will of agents or people, who form the very foundation for Christianity or virtue ethics, is found in the idea of moral fiber

Book Report On Ethical Decision Making - 830 Words

Ethics Hamed Alanazi Book Report Ethical decision-making 10th edition Ethics The book I chose is â€Å"Business ethics: Ethical decision-making† 10th edition is written by O. C. Ferrell, John Fraedrich, Ferrell. It was published by Cengage Learning in 2014. This book consists of almost 340 pages and five parts. According to Amazon this book is among top seller. Something extraordinary about this book is that, this book highlight several cases related to the business ethics that help the reader to develop better understanding of how to solve several ethical issues in different situations. The authors O. C. Ferrell, John Fraedrich, Ferrell hold remarkable credibility. O.C. Ferrell is a Ph. D. from Louisiana State University. He is also a distinguished professor of at Belmont University. Recently he have served nine years as Creative Enterprise Scholar and marketing professor at University of New Mexico. He is also a past president Academic Council of the American Marketing Association and also takes hold of American Marketing Association Ethics Co mmittee twice. O. C. Ferrell has published more than 100 articles and is co-author of 20 books. Fraedrich s also had distinction of one of the top 50 professors of marketing ethics, who were selected for International Consortium on Ethics and Social Responsibility. He wrote and published 50 articles all on his own. On the global level, he helped the business ethics dialogue by being invited as the business ethicsShow MoreRelatedReport On Ethical Decision Making1055 Words   |  5 PagesDATE: November 5, 2014 SUBJECT: Requested report on Business Students and their Ethical decision-making As requested, here is the report on ethical decision making and how it affects business students. This report focuses on ethical decisions and how important they are, or aren’t, to commerce students. The report features information from scholarly articles and books relating to business ethics. Mainly, what ethics are, what factors impact ethical decisions, and how universities have taken steps toRead MoreEthical Dilemma Of Recording Unrecognized Revenue Under The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles1528 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"cooking the books† case study is intended to raise our awareness on an accounting issue that bankrupted firms and caused hundreds of employees to lose jobs. People are often challenged to make decisions on the business environment day-to-day. The contemporary companies often require following an ethical model when making these decisions. Strong decision making and business ethics can also help companies select the best business opportu nities. The paper discusses a business ethic scenario andRead MoreThe Case of the Wayward Water: Drinking Water Getting Tainted with Fracking Fluid1445 Words   |  6 Pagesfracking. As reports of drinking water becoming tainted with fracking fluid flood the news, both oil and gas companies as well as environmental groups are presenting competing facts about the effects of drilling on ground water. Economists are often asked to prepare reports with objective analyses balancing the cost and potential damage to the water sources against economic benefits to the local and national communities. These requests for analysis can provide interesting ethical questions forRead MoreReporting Practices and Ethics Paper996 Words   |  4 Pagesfinancial records are kept up- to -date and they follow specific guidelines. The books kept up- to- date and in order, this will show the amount of money being brought into the organization for profit and the amount of money the organization has lost in profit. One thing that may cause the honesty of the organization to be on the brinks is the organization financial management and the correctness of the financial books. This paper is about information that will address financial reporting practicesRead MoreJust Business Christian Ethics For The Marketplace1578 Words   |  7 Pagesthe title of his book â€Å"Just Business-Christian Ethics for the Marketplace†. In this book he defines good as a balance of holiness, justice and love. If each of these is areas is met the decision is moral. Badaracco, in comparison, points out in his title â€Å"Leading Quietly-An Unorthodox Guide to Doing the Right Thing†, his view is not conforming to rules, traditions, or modes of conduct, as of a doctrine, religion, or philosophy (dictionary.com 2014). By the title of his book, Badaracco identifiesRead MoreJust Business Christian Ethics For The Marketplace1575 Words   |  7 Pagesthe title of his book â€Å"Just Business-Christian Ethics for the Marketplace†. In this book he defines good as a balance of holiness, justice and love. If each of these is areas is met the decision is mor al. Badaracco, in comparison, points out in his title â€Å"Leading Quietly-An Unorthodox Guide to Doing the Right Thing†, his view is not conforming to rules, traditions, or modes of conduct, as of a doctrine, religion, or philosophy (dictionary.com, 2014). By the title of his book, Badaracco identifiesRead MoreSummary Of Concussion, By Jeanne Marie Lasgames1378 Words   |  6 Pagespaper is to address ethical concerns in the book Concussion, written by Jeanne Marie Laskas. The paper will present a summary of the work, statement of an ethical question, enumeration of ethical concerns, discussion of the data used in the decision making, evaluation of the options, discussion of what legal, moral, and ethical actions can be taken to address the ethical question raised in the book, and a conclusion of a summary on what is ethically desirable. As a summary of the book, Concussion revolvesRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Trends1619 Words   |  7 PagesBehavior Trends Outline: 1. Definition of OB and related terminologies. 2. Role of decision making in OB environments. 3. Conflicts involved in decision making processes in organizations. 4. Rifts between managerial level staff and operations level workforce. 5. Stakeholders in decision making in a corporate hierarchy. 6. Self-inflicted ethical dilemmas and differences, causes for it. 7. Values and goals affecting causing ethical dilemmas in OB 8. Globalization and its strategic alliances. 9. Impact of technologicalRead More Organizational Behavior Trends Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Definition of OB and related terminologies. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Role of decision making in OB environments. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conflicts involved in decision making processes in organizations. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rifts between managerial level staff and operations level workforce. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stakeholders in decision making in a corporate hierarchy. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Self-inflicted ethical dilemmas and differences, causes for it. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Values and goals affecting causing ethical dilemmas in OB 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Globalization and its strategic alliancesRead MoreReporting Practices and Ethics Paper813 Words   |  4 Pageshealth care managers, from the basic elements of financial management to the heavy burdens of ethical compliance and accuracy. In this paper the subject to discuss is financial reporting practices and ethical standards in health care, how health care reform is changing and making these organizations more accountable, and summaries of generally acceptable accounting principles and general financial ethical standards. Financial Management â€Å"There are four recognized elements of financial management:

Teen Suicide A Growing Problem Essay - 1541 Words

Suicide is a permanent solution to a temporary problem.; Teen suicide as an extremely complex tragedy, that unfortunately happens all the time throughout the United States. There are friends, parents, and peers that are facing the misfortune of losing a young, close, loved one to suicide. Most people dont realize that adolescent suicide is common. They dont want to believe how often this occurs in the secure environment found in the small towns of America, as well as in its largest cities. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Suicide is the third leading cause of death for 15 to 24 year olds, and the sixth leading cause for 5 to 14 year olds. Suicide accounts for twelve percent of the mortality in the adolescent and young adult group.†¦show more content†¦? Loss of interest in pleasurable activities. ? Not tolerating praise or rewards. ? Complain of being rotten inside; ? Give verbal hints with statements such as: I wont be a problem for you much longer,; Nothing matters,; Its no use,; I wont see you again.; ? Put his/her affairs in orderamp;#8212;for example, give away favorite possessions, clean his/her room, throw away important belongings, etc. ? Become suddenly cheerful after a period of depression. There are many misconceptions about suicide. These are also known as myths of suicide. For some reason people tend to think that adolescents who talk about suicide are not serious about doing it. This is untrue, it has been proven that almost all suicidal teens have at one point verbally or nonverbally, told someone about their considering suicide. This leads to another myth, that suicide happens without warning. For the same reason as the myth, adolescents arent serious about it, suicide usually occurs with at least one warning. Some other myths are once an adolescent is suicidal, he/she must always and forever be considered suicidal (adolescent who once considered suicide) ; if an adolescent attempts suicide and survives, he/she will not make and additional attempt (adolescent who actually made the attempt); Adolescents who commit suicide always leave notes (only a small percentage actually leave notes); Most adolescent suicidesShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Growing Problem of Tee n Suicide2343 Words   |  10 Pages A mother finds her 17 year old teenage son hanging from the rafters of their basement. To hear of this occurrence is not rare in society today. Every 90 minutes a teenager in this country commits suicide. Suicide is the third leading cause of death for 15-24 year olds. The National suicide rate has increased 78% between 1952 and 1992. The rate for 15-19 year olds rose from two per 100,000 to 12.9, more than 600 percent. (Special report, Killing the Pain, Rae Coulli) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ARead MoreTeen Suicide Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesTeen Suicide Suicide is a growing problem in American culture. Sadly, teens are affected the most. Teen suicide is increasing rapidly. â€Å"About 5,000 teens in the United States kill themselves each year† (Peacock, 4). Suicide among teens is a serious and devastating crisis. More teens are taking their lives today than ever before. Teen suicide does not affect one specific type of teen; it affects any type of teen. There are a variety of reasons teens resort to committing suicide. Many people are workingRead MoreThe Growing Issue Of Suicide904 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 9 October 12 The Growing Issue: Suicide Suicide is a very large and growing problem in American teens. It is one of the leading causes of death among adolescents, following accidental injury and coming before homicide, it affects not only the teens that commit suicide but everyone around them, and it can be solved by learning how to deal with the people who are having suicidal. Suicide is the act or instance of taking ones life voluntarily and intentionally. Suicide may seem like somethingRead MoreTeen Suicide Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Suicide of any kind is an act in which a person takes his or her own life. FACT: Suicide is a prevalent cause of death among America’s youth today.Each and every day almost 1000 teenagers think about suicide and about 0.018% of them will be successful in committing it.† It is an ongoing problem that is often described as uncalled for immature and unnecessary. But having a deeper understanding and better knowledge are some key factors for preventing teenage suicide . This â€Å"problem† most likely startRead MoreInformative speech outline Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Suicide Among Teenagers Specific purpose: To inform my audience on some of the causes on teen suicides.    I. Introduction A. Attention Material: It has been verified on April 19th, 2013 by the Center for Disease Control that for youths between the ages of 10-24, suicide is the third leading cause for death in the United States. (Center for Disease Control: Teen Suicide Statistics, Chart number 1) B. Tie to the audience: Teenagers taking their own life has always been an idea hardRead MorePreveting Teen Suicide823 Words   |  3 Pageseverything goes black. Suicide is the third cause of death in teens. It takes about 35,000 lives each year, almost 11 million people have tried to take their lives. Suicide can be triggered by many things, this action has many effects but can be solved with some simple steps. Suicide can be triggered by many actions. To start off with , suicide can be caused by many different feelings. Feelings of guilt, shame, anger, rejection or loss can cause suicide. According to D’Arcy LynessRead MoreInformative Speech - Teen Suicide Essay854 Words   |  4 PagesInformative speech; teen suicide. General Purpose: To inform. Specific Purpose: Today I will be discussing the topic of teen suicide. Central Idea: Teen suicide is a growing health concern in the US as it is the third leading cause of death among young people [Linn-Gust, 2001]. Thesis: In order to better understand teen suicide, it is important to explore the causes of teen suicide, what are the symptoms and/or signs, and what can be done to prevent teen suicide. OrganizationalRead MoreTeen Suicide and Bullying1250 Words   |  5 PagesBullying is a worldwide problem that can be linked to teen suicide. The third leading cause of death in youth is suicide, which results in nearly 4,400 deaths per year (Centers for Disease Control, 2012). At least half of these deaths are caused by bullying. Although bullying is still seen by many to be a normal part of growing up, it is a severe problem that leads to many negative effects, including suicide. Unfortunately, there is not a definitive solution to this problem. However, there are multipleRead MoreInformative Speech On Teen Suicide989 Words   |  4 Pages Topic: Teen Suicide Awareness Teenage suicide is preventable, and ways that the society can help prevent are through the media, in schools, and in a Teens home. General Purpose: To bring awareness to my audience on teen suicide Specific Purpose: To inform and persuade my audience to take an active role in teen suicide awareness and prevention. Thesis: Spreading Awareness to teen suicide is a means to answering their silent cry by getting knowledge and donating, After all, knowledge is a veryRead MoreThe Importance Of Suicide Prevention1498 Words   |  6 Pagesdefinition of suicide is the act of intentionally causing one’s own death. Suicides happen every day and the emotional impact such an act has on individuals, families, and communities is devastating and tragic. Unfortunately, suicide has become a much bigger social issue than society likes to admit. Many people seem to think of teenage years as their happiest years in life but what others do not know is that someone can be suffering from pain caused by an emotional or environmental issue. Suicide prevention

The Role Of Client s Mentor / Social Worker - 1576 Words

On the onset of meeting with the client rapport was established. Our sessions consisted of exploring solutions, developing personal growth and giving encouragement and support. Client played a role in the decision making process and was aware of the steps and changes that had to be made in order to achieve each goal in his plan. The most important aspect of my role as client’s mentor/social worker is providing empowerment and offering guidance on education and career activities and assisting client in getting involved in training programs within his areas of interest as well as focusing on his recovery. Throughout each session, client was engaged in dialogues that focuses on increasing his self esteem and was taught specific strategies for†¦show more content†¦He is currently receiving treatment for his mental health diagnosis. Client has also decided on being referred to our outpatient substance abuse treatment program to assist in reducing influences in his current life circumstances that might motivate him to relapse or offend. Although few drug abusers who seek treatment are able to abstain for any significant period of time, those who enter treatment and stick with it benefit tremendously as does society (Danzer, 2012). His primary counselor and myself works collaboratively to ensure that client received the best treatment that would effectively assist him in developing skills to maintain abstinence and to achieve future success. In addition, client was approved by his half-way housing to attend Narcotic Anonymous (NA) meetings once weekly; this meeting is held at the agency. In a cross-sectional study of NA members, longer abstinence durations were associated with lower levels of anxiety (DeLucia, Bergman, Beitra, Howrey, Seibert, Ellis, Mizrachi, 2016). According to researcher findings, non-medication therapies like NA emphasize abstinence rather than maintenance on opioids and on their concern even medically prescribed methadone, is viewed as a mood altering drug that reinforces substance dependence and impede recovery (Khodabandeh, Kahani, Shadnia, Abdollahi, 2012). Client’s decision to attend NA meeting has helped him regain his

How Roles and Statuses Affect Behavior Free Essays

How Roles and Statuses Affect Behavior There is a fine line between status and role. Status is the position or a rank in a group or social structure. An example of this would be the president, Barack H. We will write a custom essay sample on How Roles and Statuses Affect Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Obama. The president is a status because it is a position in a social structure; in this case, Barack H. Obama would be the president of America. On the other hand, a role is an assumed or an expected way a person should behave. For example, a mother is an assumed position where as soon as a female gives birth, they are expected to take care of the child, and thus called â€Å"mother. In Philip G. Zimbardo’s article, â€Å"The Pathology Of Imprisonment,† (pg. 140, 2011) Zimbardo wanted to simulate a prison environment and see the psychological and how the roles of the guards and prisoners develop. Zimbardo did this by creating a advertisement in the newspaper and hired two dozen young men who were at first, all on the same playing field; all of them had no criminal record, emotionally stable, normal, and were all intelligent and from middle class families. The important part about this is that the role of prisoner and the role of guard were chosen by the flip of a coin which meant that the roles were completely random and the prison environment would be the only factor in how it shaper the boys behaviors. Throughout the experiment, the boys were videotaped so that Zimbardo could observe the behavior. Very quickly Zimbardo noticed that the guards became more and more aggressive towards the prisoners, and the prisoners reacted exactly how a real prisoner would react. Zimbardo states that the guards came up with many creative ways to control the prisoners. In one case, a rebellious prisoner, who refused to eat, was in solitary, and the rest of the prisoners were given a choice, whether to let the prisoner out and give up their blankets, or keep the blankets and keep the rebellious prisoner in solitary for the night. In the end, it was every man for himself and the rest of the prisoners chose to have their blankets. The only incentive for the prisoners was the pay of fifteen dollars per day, but some had to be cut short because of their reactions to the prison environment, such as crying, depression, and insanity. It was clear that the boys who were supposed to play the role of prisoners and guards were now acting in the mindset as if their status was really the prisoner and the guard. In fact, the experiment got too realistic and Zimbardo’s two-week experiment had to be cut short to six days. In Harvey Molotch’s article, (pg. 66, 2011)â€Å"The Rest Room and Equal Opportunity,† the author argues that even if men and women have equal amount of space in the bathrooms, it does not guarantee equal opportunity in the bathrooms because of the different roles of women and men. Men can use urinals, which take up less space than toilets and women need their own private stalls because of their specific needs. The author also suggests how western culture shapes the way how women use t he bathroom, such as doing make up and gossiping. Therefore the differences in roles of women and men cause unequal opportunities even if they are given the same opportunity. How to cite How Roles and Statuses Affect Behavior, Papers

International Business Economics and Anthropology

Question: Discuss about the International Business and Economics and Anthropology. Answer: Introduction Business in Singapore tends to treat in a different way in the comparison with the business of the other countries. As mentioned by Buckley (2016), it can be mentioned that the organisations are depending upon the industry attractiveness, competition and the other individual consumers. The companies mainly aimed to maintain a long term relationship with their stakeholders, so that the satisfaction level of them would be increased. This would in turn also reflect the decision making process of the organisations. This study has highlighted the business performance of Far East Orchard Limited. This organisation is popular as the famous property developer of Singapore. The background of the study has highlighted the internal and the external factors, which have the influential effect on the business, would be discussed. On the other hand, who are its major competitors and what are their market share can be identified in this study. Moreover, this study has also described the effect of negative externalities on the business. This study also emphasizes the macro economical perspective of the organisation. Background of the company and business environment Far East Orchard Limited is the greatest private property developer of Singapore. The reputation of the organisation within the Singapore real estate industry has been growing with the rise in time (Cronk Wickramasekera, 2013). Therefore, the valuation of the consumers would be improved. The Far East Limited has also make their business successful in hospitality, retailing, commercial and the industrial sectors. The organisation has established in the year of 20152. Within these few years, the real estate organisation has performed their operation successfully. Far East Limited mainly aimed to maintain a good relationship with the stakeholders, so that the trust on the operation of the organisation would be increased (Biondi Zambon, 2013). On the other hand, it can be added that this real estate organisation would focus to make a partnership in the hospitality business along with the Straits Trading Organisation and thee Toga Group, Australia. Far East Limited also performed in the global market. They have 90 properties and also have 90 properties around the world. In addition, they made more than 13000 rooms across the seven nations (Gillespie, 2013). Moreover, in Singapore, it has made one of the largest hospitality portfolios of the country, which comprises 20 hotels. The mission statement of the organisation is to operate their business by serving with love, honesty, integrity and with grace. This real estate organisation has grown their services Australia, Denmark, Germany, Hungary and also in the New Zealand, Malaysia along with Singapore (Granger, 2014). This implies that most of the customers of Far East limited are belonging from the other countries, although major consumers are belonging from Singapore. This proves that Far East organisation has expanded their business in the international market so effectively, that the consumers are willing to take the service of this organisation. On the other hand,, it can be identified the major consumers of this organisations are the middle aged persons, who are willing to purchase a house and are willing to increase their amount of assets. Based on their choice, taste and preferences, Far East Orchard Limited has tried to make their buildings. As a result, the satisfaction level as well as their requirements would match with them and they are willing to purchase it. The major competitors of this organisation are identified as the Mapletree Commercial Trust, Weiye Holdings Limited, Bukit Sembawang Estate, Hong Fok Corporation Ltd, Capitaland Commercial Trust etc. These all real estate organisations are belonging from Singapore. Far East Limited also has many international competitors as this organisation also successfully across seven countries. The Australian competitors are such as Real Estate Institute of New South Wales, the Real estate Institute of Australia etc. Other competitors are such as Deutsche Immobilieen Holding AG, Phoneix Real Estate Development etc. This study is helpful to identify the market share of Far East Orchard Limited along with its major competitors. Name Sales turnover Net profitability (%) Total assets Far East Orchard Limited 318.13 10.76 16.98 Mapletree Commercial Trust 83.01 110.47 1.38 Weiye Holdings Limited 77.19 7.62 83.96 Bukit Sembawang Estate 39.14 24.24 74.75 CapitaLand Commercial Trust 14.02 112.47 1.92 Table 1: Market share (Source: Created by author) In this context, it can be mentioned that Far East Orchard Limited is belonging from the perfectly competitive market. It is known that in the monopoly type market structure, there are single seller and number of buyers. However, in the market of Singapore, it can be noticed that there are a large number of sellers in the real industry of Singapore and the products are perfect substitutes to each other. Production cost and scale In the opinion of Shepherd (2015), the factors of production are an economic concept that infers to all the inputs of the production process. These factors of production are used by the organisation to produce goods and services in order to achieve the organisational goals and gain high profit margin. The land, labour, capital and the assets are the main factors of production that an organisation can possess. However, in the current market economy, the skills of the labour, materials, equipment and the management processes are considered as the factor of production. Any kind of asset that the Far East Organization incorporates into the workplace in order to establish the business falls under the variable of production. In order to produces the desired goods and services for the market, the organisation requires information related to the market in which it operates. The land, labour and capital of Far East Organization contributes as a great source for achieving the information. The labour includes the performance level of the labourers in the organisation. The capital of organisation further refers to the tools and management that Far East Organization uses in order to produce different goods and services. According to Hill (2014), there are two types of factors of production such as the fixed factor of production and the variable factor of production. The fixed variables in the production process are those that remain unchanged with the change in output level or due to the change in the economic condition. The amount of fixed variable remains unchanged, even if the level of output increases decreases or becomes zero. The fixed variables of Far East Organization are the land, machineries, building or infrastructure, organisational hierarchy and management (Andries Czarnitzki, 2014). On the other hand, the variable factors of production changes according to the level of output. The variable factors of the organisations are the fuels to run the machineries, labours, power of the management and the raw materials. Chen Jiang (2016) mentioned that as the output level of the organization increases, the need for variable factors also increases. On contradictory, when the output is less or n ear about zero, the need for variable factors falls. The optimal size of an organization can be effectively determined by an analysing the fixed and variable factors of production. From the financial reports of the organisation, it can be observed that the profit margin has decreased over the recent years. It can be thus inferred that the cost of the organisation is higher than the revenue earned. The return to scale of Far East Organization shows a downward trend (Fareastorchard.com.sg, 2017). However, the cost structure of the company shows that the optimal size of Far East Organization is large. The fixed cost of the company is relatively lower than the variable cost. The cost structure of the company can therefore be considered unstable. The fall in the profit level and decreasing returns to scale are information that helps to determine the breakeven point of the company. Based on the breakeven point the managers can consider decisions regarding the production and output level. Macro business environment According to Andries Czarnitzki (2014), it can be mentioned that the macro business environment is helpful to influence the operation of the business in case of the decision making process. This would in turn reflect the organisational performance and the business strategies. In this context, the economical, political, legal, demographic, technological changes would influence the decision making process of Far East Orchard Limited. Far East Orchard Limited has each of the real estate organisations has an impact on the changing macro business environment. On the other hand, Boons et al., (2013) opined that in case of political as well as economical factors of the business, the real estate organisation has also affected by the instable situation. In this connection, it can be inferred that the instability condition of the nations legislation would tend to influence the performance of the business. Moreover, instead of affecting the rate of demand, the government of Singapore has a positive effect on the pricing structure, output level and the performance of the organisation. In the points of Bocken et al., (2013), the taxonomy structure, rigid policy and regulations, standardization as well as subsidies would incline to make a pressure on the capacity of the corporation. On the other hand, in case of the product differentiation within the industry, the government of the economy would be inclined towards the outlo ok of each of the nature in a separated formation. The political feature would in turn have a medium and lower stability characteristic in Singapore. Moreover, the economical market of the country would be inclined to have a greater effect on Far East Orchard Limited. The policies of monetary authority of Singapore, the rate of gross domestic product, the alteration in the foreign exchange rate, valuation of the lands, and the other effective pressure on the productivity of the organisation. In this connection, it can be mentioned that the GDP growth rate of Singapore is US$307.9 billion (in the year of 2015) and the position of the country is at 36 within the world. Moreover, the rate of inflation has increased by 1% from the previous year (2014). On the other hand, Boons Ldeke-Freund (2013) argued that the unemployment rate of Singapore has decreased by 2%. This economic performance proves that the country has the higher level of capacity to improve the performance of the economy. As per the statement of Hahn et al., (2014), it can be mentioned that an increase in the job opportunities is helpful to increase the operational fun ctionality of the industry. It can be noticed that the continuous growth rate of GDP of Singapore proves that this would has a positive impact on the real estate industry. In addition, Ahi Searcy (2013) cited that the number of employment would be increased. The purchasing power parity and the standard of living of Singapore would also improve. The exchange rate of the count6ry can be estimated as 1 Singapore Dollar= 0.70 US Dollar, therefore make an effect on the foreign business exchange of Far East Orchard Limited. From the above analysis, it can be mentioned that the products of Far East Orchard Limited are supposed to be normal goods. In this connection, it can be mentioned that if the income of the consumers rises, then the quantity demand will be increased. In addition, it can be added that the price of the products are remaining constant. Therefore, it can be added that thee income elasticity of demand is positive. Hence, if the country suffers from recession, then the consumers will feel reluctant to purchase the products. Sustainability factors of the business It can be mentioned that Far East real estate organisation creates negative externalities in their production process. In order to carry out their operation, this organisation usually used to utilise several harmful chemicals such as chlorine and sulphur based products. By releasing these products in the environment, the air would be polluted (Bansal DesJardine, 2014). In addition, it can be added that the health status of the surroundings would be affected. These external costs of production would be carried out by Far east organisation. In the points of Barkemeyer et al., (2014), it can be mentioned that the organisation would be concerned to the private expenses of generation (MPC) in case of the absence of the government of the country. As a result, it can be inferred that the organisation would be able to deliver at the level where, the MPC curve would intersect the minimal social benefit (MSB) curve. More specifically, this level can be determined by the quantity of Q1 and pri ce level P1. Moreover, it can be added that the private expenses of the organisation would keep out the marginal social expenditure creation (MSC) curve. In this case, Lorek Spangenberg (2014) opined that the organisation were producing at the level where MSB= MSC. This situation can be explained with the concept of Pareto optimality or the yielding of socially effective outcome. Therefore, it can be stated that the organisation would be able to deliver at the level of Q* as well as price level P*. This would not occur in the free market structure. The effect of this negative externality can be seen by the differentiation of MPC curve and the MSC curve. The shaded region highlights the welfare misfortune of the society. It can be mentioned that in order to mitigate the negative externalities, the government of Singapore requires to impose Pigouvian taxation policy on the real estate organisation (Chen Jiang, 2016). This taxation policy is benefitted to control the ineffective market structure. Moreover, this specific taxation policy aims to set the social cost in such a manner that the negative externalities would be reduced on the environment. Moreover, it can be mentioned that the presence of the negative externalities, the social cost of the organisation cannot be covered with the help of private cost. Therefore, it can be inferred that Pigovian taxation is helpful to increase the social welfare of an economy. Consumption of the products can create position externalities as the consumption of products would raise the utility of the consumers. The customers also capable to achieve the demand and also can satisfy the consumers necessities (Biondi Zambon, 2013). Moreover, the viability of an organisation can be estimated by the long term survival. This real estate organisation of Singapore also has a positive nature and also has competitive advantage within the real estate industry. Far East Orchard Limited is identified as the greatest private property developer of Singapore. They mainly aimed to the business innovations. According to Hill, Cronk Wickramasekera (2013), it can be stated that the sustainability practices would improve the financial returns. Conclusion In this study, the business environment of Far East Orchard Limited has been discussed. After analysing the study, it can be observed that it is the largest property developer organisation in Singapore. The profitability statement and the market share of the organisation is also stable. Nevertheless, it can be observed that the number of competitors have been increasing, hence, it can be recommended that a continuous improvement is necessary to hold the position in the industry both in the domestic market and also in the international market. In addition, it can be stated that the organisation has both the fixed cost and the variable assets. Lastly, this study has highlighted the effect of the negative externality on the environment and this negative impact can be diminished with the help of Pigovian taxation policy has also described. References Ahi, P., Searcy, C. (2013). A comparative literature analysis of definitions for green and sustainable supply chain management.Journal of Cleaner Production,52, 329-341. Andries, P., Czarnitzki, D. (2014). Small firm innovation performance and employee involvement.Small business economics,43(1), 21-38. Annual Reports Circulars | Far East Orchard Limited | Singapore. (2017).Fareastorchard.com.sg. Retrieved 10 January 2017, from https://www.fareastorchard.com.sg/annual-reports-and-circulars.html Bansal, P., DesJardine, M. R. (2014). Business sustainability: It is about time.Strategic Organization,12(1), 70-78. Barkemeyer, R., Holt, D., Preuss, L., Tsang, S. (2014). What happened to the developmentin sustainable development? Business guidelines two decades after Brundtland.Sustainable Development,22(1), 15-32. Biondi, Y., Zambon, S. (Eds.). (2013).Accounting and business economics: Insights from national traditions. Routledge. Bocken, N. M. P., Short, S. W., Rana, P., Evans, S. (2014). A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes.Journal of cleaner production,65, 42-56. Bohnsack, R., Pinkse, J., Kolk, A. (2014). Business models for sustainable technologies: Exploring business model evolution in the case of electric vehicles.Research Policy,43(2), 284-300. Boons, F., Ldeke-Freund, F. (2013). Business models for sustainable innovation: state-of-the-art and steps towards a research agenda.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, 9-19 Boons, F., Montalvo, C., Quist, J., Wagner, M. (2013). Sustainable innovation, business models and economic performance: an overview.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, 1-8. Buckley, P. J. (2016).International business: economics and anthropology, theory and method. Springer. Chen, Y., Jiang, Q. (2016). Estimation for Production Factors in World Major Economies.International Journal of Financial Research,7(5), p99. Gillespie, A. (2013).Business economics. Oxford University Press. Granger, C. W. J. (2014).Forecasting in business and economics. Academic Press. Hahn, T., Preuss, L., Pinkse, J., Figge, F. (2014). Cognitive frames in corporate sustainability: Managerial sensemaking with paradoxical and business case frames.Academy of Management Review,39(4), 463-487. Hill, B. (2014). Production economics: theory of the firm.An introduction to economics: concepts for students of agriculture and the rural sector, (Ed. 4), 72-114. Hill, C. W., Cronk, T., Wickramasekera, R. (2013).Global business today. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia). Lorek, S., Spangenberg, J. H. (2014). Sustainable consumption within a sustainable economybeyond green growth and green economies.Journal of cleaner production,63, 33-44. Shepherd, R. W. (2015).Theory of cost and production functions. Princeton University Press.

Estoppel and Business Relationship

Question: Discuss about the Estoppel and Business Relationship. Answer: Introduction In the statement provided by Ashhurst J in Lickbarrow v Mason (1787) 2 Term Rep 63, HL at 70 it states that when two people who are guiltless when affected by the activities of the third person. Then the person who had helped the third person would be held liable. This has been explained in Section 14 of the Partnership act 1982. Partnership is defined as the relation that is found to exists between persons in a business environment. They have a common view of attaining profits. In partnership firms the partner will be held liable if they their partners are not aware of the creditors of the firms. The liability has been applied in this case The purpose of this analysis is to look into the nuances of estoppel that has been defined in the Section 14 of the Partnership Acts 1892 (NSW).There will be critical analysis of the validity of the claim that has been made by the Partnership act of 1982. The nuances of the definition and the advantages and disadvantages of the partnership by estoppel have been probed in this analysis. Definition and Clear Identification of the Requirements of a Partnership by Estoppel/Holding Out According to this concept when party A has been considered as a partner by party B when witnesses are present and in this case if party A did not deny the claim made by the party B then in the eyes of the law party A will be considered as liable to pay the creditors. In the eyes of the law A will be considered as a partner. In these situation estoppel arises owing to the transactions that has been involved in verbal communication. The creditor need not be aware of the actual situation. Estoppel arises whenever one party involved in the contract makes an assertion or representation that is considered as fact. In this situation the other party acts on the factor that proves others. In this the original party who had made the claim is estopped from denying the truth in the statement. They only can operate on the paradigm of the situation that has been presented to them. The requirement of partnership by the concept of estoppel is that there should be a witnessing third part present when there has been a partnership agreement that has been formed. The witness must assume that the partner is a member of the partnership firms. There should be some form of agreement either by verbal or written agreement that considers a person to be a partner of the firm. This is not limited to the agreement even if some of the activities of a party can consider them to be a partner. In these conditions the law would declare the other person as a partner by the concept of estopped. They would all be responsible for the liabilities incurred. If a particular partner is making false claims or misrepresentation and the related parties are not really doing anything then they would still be considered liable for the claims that has been made. To summarize the most important requirement for a particular partnership is that there should be a firm where the creditor has performed the transactions. Critical examination of the requirements of a partnership by estoppel/holding out demonstrating their justifications Section 14 of the Partnership act states that everyone, who chooses to make an ascertain either by verbal, written or conduct makes a representation. They knowingly make an assumption and is represented as a part of the company who enters into a contractual agreement. They are liable to the original claims or assertion that has been made. The parties who make a certain claim must stick to the representation of the original choice they had made. The Section 14 details that a person who is represented as a partner or an outside agent who take part in the contract gives a representation of the firms. Their representation provides credit to the form. This person becomes a partner by estoppel. In the case of case of partnership there is a fiduciary responsibility that exists between the partners. Birtchnell v Equity Trustees Executors and Agency Co Ltdexplains the duty of the partnership with each other. A partnership is based on the mutual trust and confidence. This is explained in the c ase of Cameron v Murdoch In this case there are certain benefits as well as disadvantages. The benefit is that the creditor should be paid back irrespective of the partnership agreement. The people start to form better choices as a represent themselves. Leonard v. Brewer, No. 01-12-01057-CV, 2013 WL 6199572. In this case Brewer was made liable to pay back the creditor on the behalf o the BW office. In this case Brewer action as considered as an act of the partner. The law ensures that the creditors are protected. There are also certain limitations of this agreement. In some cases the partner by estoppel is made liable to pay the dues of the other person even if they were not really involved. In the case of Chavers v. Epsco, Inc.98 S.W.3d 421 (Ark. 2003) The sone and daughter were considered as partners of the firm merely of their relationship to Chavers. In this there was no real action by the son or the daughter in relation to the case. The issue with the partnership by estoppel is that it does not really c onsider the various angles invole din the partnership agreement. It merely makes as assumptions and acts on it. There are three conditions where the partnership by estoppel is considered. In this context estoppel means that is the person expressed or acted in a certain situation the other person can act to their own detriment. Then the person who made the original representation will not be able to deny the truth. This was elucidated clearly in the case of Re Buchanan Co. In this case it was held that the section places liability upon the person who represent themselves of allows themselves to be represented as a partner but in reality are not actual partners. In order to incur liability three tests must be fulfilled. The first condition is that the representation that was made that the person is a partner. This can be done either by the individual account or the partners. It is the question of how the representation has been made. In the case of Martyn v Gray (1863) this was established. In this case assuming defendant informs X company that he is the original partner of a commercial firm an d the X company them informs the plaintiff the same information then it was said that the plaintiff assumed the defendant to be the members of the firms. In this case the defendant is considered to be liable for the price. The second condition is that the credit should be provided by a 3rd party who assumes the representation to be true. The credit would involve receiving the property or incurring the obligation that has been made. The 3rd party should rely on the representation this is the third condition. The case of Tower Cabinet Co LTD v Ingram establishes this clause. In this case the issue of the parties knowledge of representation of the defendant will be considered. In this particular case Ingram was not aware of Christmas. Ingram and Christmas were previously partners and they had agreed to dissolution. However, Christmas continued to use the previous letterhead of the company when they were partners with Ingram. This act by Christmas was not known to Ingram. There was no w ritten proof or conduct that pointed towards the knowledge of Christmas action and the involvement of Ingram. In this case owing to this fact Ingram was held no liable for the damages incurred by Tower Cabinet company. Hence the factor of knowledge is an important aspect in the determination of the case. According to the terms of the law, the partnership by estoppel allows the court to provide some form of remuneration for the plaintiff. Essentially for this to occur the plaintiff should prove that the actions of the defendant were detrimental to the original terms of the contractual agreement. In this case the plaintiff has the burden of proving that the partnership was indeed based on the partnership of estopped. Plaintiff must prove to the courts that they relied on the partnership, the defendant help himself in the place of the partnership and the liability incurred by the plaintiff. If the plaintiff is able to prove this fact then they judge will order some form of remediation or recovery of the damages for the plaintiff. Conclusion Section 14 of the Partnership Act 1982, clearly explains the concept behind estoppel by holding out. According to this a person is considered to be a partner of a firm if they are represented as a partner of the firm in presence of witness and they do not deny the partnership. In this case the courts will deem the person to be a partnership. All the partners of the firms is liable to pay back their creditors. There are many benefits and issues. Benefit of this system is that the creditors interest is protected. It adopts a homogenous approach and does not factor in the nuances of each case. This is the limitation of this law. Reference Andrews, Neil.Contract law. (Cambridge University Press, 2015). Cooke, Elizabeth. "Working Together-Contract, Estoppel and the Business Relationship."(2002) 1J. Obligations Remedies 5. Ewart, John S. "Negotiability and Estoppel."(1900)16 LQ Rev. 135. Ewart, John Skirving.An exposition of the principles of estoppel by misrepresentation. (Carswell, 1900). Gregory, William.Law of Agency and Partnership, 3d Hornbook Series. (West Academic, 2007). Robertson, Andrew. "Reliance and expectation in estoppel remedies."(1998)18 (3) Legal Studies 360-368. Yan, Wang "On the Historical Development and Trend of Estoppel System." (2007)4 Journal of Hubei Radio Televison University 034.